Wednesday, April 19, 2017

10 Things You Should Know About Passion (And How To Find Yours)

Passion’ is a word so excessively used and almost always blindingly paired with work, that if you actually ask around you may find that not everyone really gets what Passion is. At the root of it all, it points to that strong emotion you have inside of you, for someone, or some thing. And anyone who has ever succeeded in making a name for themselves would probably state their passion for the work / craft / industry as a reason for their success, but do you know yours?


I asked around, compiled some questions, got some answers, had a few headaches trying to decipher why everyone is telling me different things about what passion is to them. For example, some equate a passion (for something) to a hobby or a dream, but just because you love to sing (in the shower), that doesn’t necessarily mean that your passion is the act of singing.

Here are 10 things you should know about passion, which can perhaps help you find what your real passion is.

1. It’s not A Hobby or A Dream

There should be a purposeful word choice in what you use in a sentence. With this logic in mind, ‘Passion’ is as far from a ‘hobby’ as a ‘hobby’ is to a ‘dream’. One special ingredient separates passion from the two. In the 2004 movie, National Treasure, treasure hunter Benjamin Gates asks his sidekick, Riley, this simple question: “We don’t need someone crazy. But one step short of crazy, what do you get?”
His sidekick says “Obsessed” but he corrects him with “Passionate.”
When you do what you love to do at a moderate level, you can call it a hobby. It could be cooking, gardening, singing in the shower, disassembling gadgets, playing with action figures; the mix. But when you go all out with it, to the point that someone deems you a step short from crazy, that’s passion for you.

2. Being Happy With Your Passion

And you do it for a few reasons, one of which is because of how it makes you feel. Passion is engrained in your body and soul. For me, when you are really happy doing something, there’s a hint of what you are passionate about right there.
From that, add a level of obsession to it, a lot of man-hours, a devotion second only to a dog’s love for its master, and that’s just about as close as you can get to pinpointing what your passion is.

One of the reasons defining passion is so different from one man to another, is because sometimes it is hard to pin down what your real passion is.

3. You might not see it

It’s not true that passion has to be something that you can feel (as in touch, in physical form). Sometimes it is an effect of what you do. Believe it or not, some people really like to help other people, and that is really important in some professions e.g. a nurse in a child’s hospital, a social welfare worker, a flight attendent, a special needs teacher etc.
That effect not only pushes them to get out of bed and face all kinds of things that would cause you and me to break down on a daily basis (see #4) but they also do it because their passion is to make a difference in someone’s life.

4. Rough It Out

To be passionate about something is to weather the storm no matter how hard it is. If practising for hours on the guitar makes the skin of your fingers break, or dancing the ballet to the tune of the nutcracker gives you ugly toes, passion says ‘so be it’.

You cease to care because at the end of the day you just want to be known as the person who can play Stairway to Heaven in your sleep or still dance even without all your limbs attached (go ahead, click it. It’s beautiful).

5. Childhood Crush

A probable source for what we are passionate about may come from what we were exposed to during our childhood. Many simple things such as sketching, music, collecting action figures or airplane models that we did when we were young evolve to become what we are passionate about when we are adults.
Have you seen what they can do with LEGO bricks? With just pen and paper? With wooden blocks? With trash and light? They may have the talent to do those things but passion is what brings those things from thought to reality, even when they are well into adulthood. For them, growing up doesn’t mean the same thing as letting go of what you love doing.

6. Being passionate is Being invested

Invested here refers to how much of you, you put inside your passion. The time, the effort, the costs, the blood and sweat – it’s not always positive energy or good news all the way (see #4). Passionate people may be angry almost all the time – passion is a combination of love and hatred – because along with the obsession, comes a need for perfection.

7. You Don’t Mind Going Full Nerd

No one can describe passion better than geeks and nerds. It probably began as a hobby, then it became a favorite pastime, then a partime unpaid job (because of the hours you spend on it), then you start collecting and learning the jargon, and joining communities of fellow fans.

7. You Don’t Mind Going Full Nerd

No one can describe passion better than geeks and nerds. It probably began as a hobby, then it became a favorite pastime, then a partime unpaid job (because of the hours you spend on it), then you start collecting and learning the jargon, and joining communities of fellow fans.

7. You Don’t Mind Going Full Nerd

No one can describe passion better than geeks and nerds. It probably began as a hobby, then it became a favorite pastime, then a partime unpaid job (because of the hours you spend on it), then you start collecting and learning the jargon, and joining communities of fellow fans.
This is where you shut out almost everything else and fully devote yourself into pursuing and elevating what you love so that it is out in the limelight, looked at by the rest of the world. And the irony of it is, the world probably don’t and won’t ‘get it’. But you do and you don’t care.

8. You can’t stop it

Say you don’t want to go full nerd on it; well, here’s the bad news, you can’t stop it or refrain from doing it. It’s always there in your heart and up there at the back of your mind. You can’t switch it off or tone it down. And you won’t stop until you have let it all out or satisfy your craving – be it to draw your next masterpiece, or to write your breakthrough novel, or to redefine an industry. Follow it far enough in your career and your life and something big may come of it.

9. Raw Passion, Ambitions & Limits

At least the one thing that everyone could agree on about passion is that it is closely associated with drive, enthusiasm, limitless energy, motivation, the push, etc. Passion can be transformed into raw enthusiasm which is then processed into an internal drive that keeps you going.
Passionate people are almost always ambitious. They want to have a say in the field that they love. They read about it, study it, embrace it and never really escape from it. It is a gift and a curse. And I don’t think everyone has it.

10. Embracing Passion

“It is obvious that we can no more explain a passion to a person who has never experienced it than we can explain light to the blind.” – T.S. Elliot
I think about passion the same way that I think about talent. Not everyone is gifted with it. Even if they are, not everyone has the bravery or the opportunity to embrace their passion. In order to survive, most of us prefer to be practical rather than passionate.
“Get a steady job, buy a car, pay your bills, sign checks, manage accounts.” Don’t get me wrong, it is necessary to have a steady income to pursue your dreams but I don’t believe it when people say, “I am passionate about my work”. Are you working for the money or for what you love? It’s a fine line between the two, but to be technical about it, it’s still a line.

brilliant Photoshop tutorials

Love it or hate it, Photoshop continues to be the design software of choice for millions designers across the globe for a wide range of tasks, including photo editing, graphic design, typography, illustration, 3D modelling and animation.
Here, we round up the very best Photoshop tutorials from around the web covering all these areas and more, whether you're rocking Photoshop CC or using an older version of the software. And to save you from unnecessary confusion, we've organised them to suit your level of Photoshop skills. Choose your difficulty level and get started!
  • Beginners' tutorials (this page)
  • Intermediate tutorials
  • Advanced tutorials

Beginner

01. Get creative with Face-Aware Liquify



The latest version of Photoshop CC's Liquify tool has some powerful facial recognition skills, enabling it to detect areas of the face, such as the eyes, mouth, nose and overall face shape, so you can adjust and warp them with impunity. Here T3's art editor, Luke O'Neill, explains how to get the most of it, from simple adjustments to crazy facial distortions.

02. Create a kaleidoscope effect in Photoshop

Amber Grayson reveals how to combine handmade and digital elements to create a kaleidoscope effect in Photoshop.

03. How to customise animated GIFs in Photoshop


Animated GIFs are a great way to make your designs more eye-catching. With Photoshop, you can customize any animated GIF to fit the style of your project.

04. How to reduce camera shake in Photoshop CC

As a photographer, it's inevitable that you will wind up with the occasional blurry image. Fortunately, in Photoshop CC Adobe has a special 'Camera Shake Reduction' filter to help you repair these images.

05. Turn day into night in Photoshop

Turning this daytime scene into night was inspired by the superb effects work in Lars von Trier's film Melancholia. Shooting landscapes at night can present all sorts of challenges – and even more so if you were shooting a moving image and couldn't use long exposures.

06. How to use Photoshop's Image Sizing tool

07. The Burn Tool


One of our own Photoshop tutorials, hosted on the Creative Bloq YouTube channel, introduces the Burn tool. In the easy-to-follow video, discover how to selectively darken areas of an image, with an overview of settings and tips on working with Shadows, Midtones and Highlights.

08. Color Replacement Tool

Another of our YouTube Photoshop tutorials, this short video introduces the Color Replacement Tool, which lets you paint roughly over an area of an image. Discover how to replace colours based on Hue, Saturation, Colour and Luminosity.


Sony Xperia M4 Aqua launched in India at Rs 24990






Sony’s Xperia M4 Aqua smartphone has finally made its way into India and it’s apparently already available for purchase. The company has tagged the phone at Rs 24990 and is offering it in multiple colors of white, black and coral.
The Sony Xperia M4 Aqua was originally launched during the MWC 2015 expo earlier this year. The phone is the first water-resistant release in the new series and it’s targeted at the mid-tier market. The handset is IP65 and IP68 certified and is also pretty slim at 7.3mm. As for its weight, it tips the scales back by 135 grams.

ike most of the new option from Sony, this device is also 64-bit enabled as it comes with an octa core Snapdragon 615 processor clocked at 1.5GHz. Then there’s Android 5.0 Lollipop which features the company’s own custom UI and enhancements.
 2400mAh battery powers the Xperia M4 Aqua which is estimated to deliver around 13 hours and 17 minutes of talk time or up to 493 hours of standby. And along with dual SIM support, the phone is also said to have LTE connectivity, but we doubt that it will be compatible with 4G networks currently deployed in India.

Sony Xperia M4 Aqua specs overview:

– OS: Android 5.0 Lollipop
– Display: 5-inch 720p HD LCD
– Processor: 1.5GHz octa core Snapdragon 615 SOC
– Memory: 2GB RAM, 16GB stooge, 128GB expandable
– Camera: 5MP front, 13MP rear
– Battery: 2400mAh
– Connectivity: 4G LTE, HSPA+, NFC, GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.1

Along with the Sony Xperia M4 Aqua, the company also took the wraps off the Xperia C4 selfie handset. No price has been revealed for the latter phone, but it will go on sale sometime next month.

Panasonic Eluga S Mini arrives with a 5MP selfie camera and a Rs 8990 price tag

A new Panasonic Eluga S Mini smartphone has just been launched by the company in India, with its price set at just Rs 8990. This device happens to be a smaller version of the Eluga S handset that was released not too long ago.
It has been fitted with a 5MP front snapper just like its parent device. Moreover, there’s a 8MP rear camera onboard as well. The Panasonic Eluga S Mini has been blessed by its makers with a 4.7-inch 720p HD display which is quite impressive for a device bearing such a retail value.

Manish Sharma, the managing director of Panasonic India has revealed that the new handset has been targeted towards the younger generation. He has called it a perfect smartphone for those looking for innovation, design, superior build quality and advanced features.
A quick glance the main specs of the new Panasonic Eluga S Mini handset:
– Display: 4.7-inch, 720 x 1280 pixels HD
– OS: Android 4.4 KitKat with Fit Home UI
– Processor: 1.4GHz octa core
– Memory: 1GB RAM, 8GB storage (expandable up to 32GB)
– Cameras: 8MP rear, 5MP front
– Battery: 1980mAh
– Dimensions: 137.5 x 68.4 x 9.45mm

The Eluga S Mini is powered by the combination of a 1.4GHz octa core processor and 1GB of RAM. There’s 8GB worth of storage space present on it apart from a microSD card slot that can be used to expand it further up to 32GB. A 1980mAh battery keeps the phone going in between charges.

The new Panasonic Eluga S Mini is all set to be made available in India later this week at its above mentioned retail value of Rs 8990.

Dell Venue 8 7000 tablet arrives in India at Rs 34999

Indian consumers can now consider buying the all new Dell Venue 8 7000 tablet which has been released in the country by the American company at Rs 34999. Judging by that high price tag, you may already have guessed that it is a pretty high-end device, and that’s indeed the case.
The Dell Venue 8 7000 will be released at the start of July this year. It runs the Android 5.0 Lollipop OS and showcases its visuals on an impressive 8.4-inch 2560 x 1600 OLED panel. Another highlight of this fresh slate is that it happens to be extremely thin, at just 6mm.

his Dell offering features an 8MP depth camera on its rear surface. This snapper somehow also captures the depth in your photographs and lets you refocus the images afterwards. There’s even an awkwardly placed 2MP front camera onboard, which can be spotted at the bottom of the device’s face.
A short glance at the specs of the Dell Venue 8 7000:
– Display: 8.4-inch OLED, 2560 x 1600 pixels
– OS: Android 5.0 Lollipop
– Processor: 2.3GHz quad core Intel Atom Z3580
– Memory: 2GB RAM, 16GB/32GB storage (expandable up to 32GB)
– Cameras: 8MP rear, 2MP front
– Battery: 9.8 hours of usage
Furthermore, the Venue 8 7000 is fueled by the combination of a quad core Intel Atom Z3580 processor and 2GB worth of RAM. There’s 16GB or 32GB of storage that can be accessed by users, along with a microSD card slot. Lastly, this device boasts of 9.8 hours of battery life, according to its makers.

Like we said, the new Dell Venue 8 7000 will be made available for purchase in India at the start of July in exchange of Rs 34999. Let us now wait and watch how well this interesting offering performs in the overly saturated Indian market.

Lava Iris X1 Atom S joins the entry-level gang for Rs 4149

The Lava Iris X1 Atom S was launched this week as the latest model in the Iris series of budget smartphones. Listed at Rs 4149 on the company’s official page, it can be bought for Rs 3799 fromFLIPKART. At that price, it’s a cheaper version of its predecessor, the Iris X1 Atom, which is available for Rs 4099 on the same site.
The lower cost is the handset’s major plus point since it hasn’t changed much in terms of specifications compared with the previous Atom. The biggest upgrade the Lava Iris X1 Atom S has received is its internal memory, 4GB to 8GB. However, it comes with a downgrade in battery capacity, 1400mAh instead of 1750mAh, and no support for HD video recording.
The phone’s display measures 4 inches and possesses a resolution of 480 x 800 pixels. It runs on Android KitKat 4.4 OS and a 1GHz processor supported by 512MB of RAM. For photos, the Atom S has a LED flash enabled 5MP snapper and a 0.3MP front camera. Its memory can be expanded up to 32GB via microSD. Connectivity options include dual SIM, Wi-Fi, USB 2.0 and Bluetooth.

Check out the main specs of the Lava Iris X1 Atom S:
-OS: Android KitKat 4.4
-Screen: 4-inch, 480 x 800p resolution
-Camera: 5MP Rear, 0.3MP Front
-Processor: 1GHz
-Battery: 1400mAh
-RAM: 512MB
-Storage: 8GB, expandable up to 32GB
Recent offerings by Micromax and Intex have better features in a similar cost bracket. Buying the Micromax Canvas Spark sets you back by Rs 4999, but comes with an 8MP camera, Android Lollipop 5.0, a 2000mAh battery and a 1.3GHz quad core processor. The Rs 3999 Intex Cloud N has specs similar to the Atom S, but pulls out ahead because of its 8MP camera and 1GB of RAM.

The Lava Iris X1 Atom S is another entrant in a market full of budget smartphones. It doesn’t distinguish itself greatly from others, and seems to be a pointless entry in a series that already has a sufficiently inexpensive phone with good features.

Xolo Black teaser trailer offers first look at its two rear cameras

There’s a new teaser trailer out this week for the Xolo Black smartphone being released under the Black sub-brand. The video focuses on the handset’s smudge and stain free design, further confirming that it will be sold exclusively onFLIPKART. The company has slowly been letting out details about its upcoming series of affordable 4G phones, and we now have a more concrete idea of what the first looks like.
Only the top half of the back and side edges are visible in the teaser. The dual rear camera setup is present as hinted at earlier. The lenses are placed on either side of its single LED flash unit.
The two lenses of the HTC One M9+ are the most recent example of twin snappers on a phone, but those are placed one on top of the other. We won’t know for sure how the Xolo Black’s placement will affect the pictures it takes until later.

The Xolo phone appears to have a glass panel on the back and a metal frame. It might run the company’s own updated Hive 1.5 UI based on Android 5.1 Lollipop OS. The company plans to release a new smartphone under the Black sub-brand every quarter, all supporting 4G LTE and costing between Rs 10000 and Rs 15000. They will only be sold online.
The Xolo Black series smartphones will be the first in its price range to have dual rear cameras. It’s certainly a unique feature, but the specifications have to match the ones offered by other brands for the devices to be a hit in the competitive Indian mid-range marketplace. We’ll have to wait until more information about the phones is announced soon till we get a better idea of what to expect.

Tuesday, April 18, 2017

Sennheiser HD 4.30i review: Price a big 'barrier

You don't necessarily need to have an expensive pair of earphones/headphones to be able to enjoy music. Agreed, there are audio products that enhance the listening experience to another level, but they also come with heavy price tags.

Apart from good sound output, design and comfort matter to a lot of users as well. Just because a pair of headphones/earphones looks good doesn't mean that it sounds great, and vice-versa.

Fortunately, Sennheiser seems to have struck the equilibrium between the two with its recently-launched HD 4.30i. But is it really worth Rs 7,990?
We spent some time with the beautiful looking HD 4.30i and here's what we think.

Design

Sennheiser HD 4.30i is a pair of closed-back, over-the-ear headphones and looks stunning. It comes in two colour combinations - Black with Grey and White with Gold. The headphones have a very solid plastic construction and don't feel cheap at all. The outer shells of the earcups have two small grilles on the top.





he right earcup has a 3.5mm audio jack which is where the 1.4m long audio cable plugs in. The cable comes with an impressive lock feature. Once plugged-in, it can be 'locked' by turning it either left or right a bit. And no matter how much you yank it, you don't have to worry about it coming off. All the primary controls are placed inline on the cable, and these can be used to do everything from handling calls to controlling music playback.
The inner cushions of the earcups are made of leather and feel very soft and comfortable. The best part about these is the air-space between the ears and the drivers. The lack of this space can cause the sound to get distorted when it's played at high volumes. The outer side of the headband is made of plastic, while the inner side is rubberized, which is a good thing because even if it gets dirty you can clean it up with a wet cloth.

In terms of design and comfort, the Sennheiser HD 4.30i checks all the right boxes. It's a good looking pair of headphones and perfect for using for long hours. It's quite light weight and portable too, thanks to foldable ear-cups and the included carry pouch.

Performance

Sennheiser HD 4.30i has a frequency response of 18Hz-22,000Hz, which is pretty decent. The bass is punchy enough to make R&B and Hip-Hop music sound good, while the mids and treble are well-synchronized.

We used the pair of headphones with FiiO's high-resolution music player and found the audio output to be outstanding. Obviously, that was with lossless quality music. With MP3 songs, there's definitely a little degradation in quality and sound levels.

ennheiser HD 4.30i doesn't have active noise-cancellation but due its leather cushioning, it sits very well on the ears, managing to block the surrounding noise. We listened to some Pink Floyd songs and the vocals sounded really warm. Instruments playing were also audible, but bass output got a little muffled when playing AC/DCsongs.


Apart from sound output, handling calls using the headphones worked perfectly. The microphone is placed at just the right location so you don't have to hold it constantly in front of your mouth for talking to someone. Voice output is clear for the most part. Even if there is some disturbance, it's likely to be because of poor network coverage.

Just Add Heat: New 4D-Printed Objects Morph on Cue




Objects that can change shape within seconds after being exposed to heat demonstrate a novel 4D-printing technique that could one day be used to create medical devices that unfurl on their own in the body during surgical procedures.
Engineers created a 3D-printed plastic lattice that quickly expands when submerged in hot water and an artificial flower that can close its petals similar to the way plants do in nature as experiments designed to demonstrate this method of 4D printing.  
The new technique significantly simplifies the process of "teaching" 3D-printed materials to change their shape when triggered to do so, said study co-author Jerry Qi, a professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. [7 Cool Uses of 3D Printing in Medicine]

Previously, we had to train and program the material after we 3D-printed it," Qi told Live Science. "We had to heat it up and stretch it and then cool it down again for the material to learn the new form. It was relatively tedious. With this new approach, we do all the programming already in the printer."
The researchers are using two types of materials that are carefully combined in the 3D-printed structure to create the desired shape-shifting effect. A soft material holds the energy that drives the shape-change but in the cool state, the energy of the soft polymer is contained by another, glass-like stiff material. This stiff material, however, softens when exposed to heat, allowing the soft polymer to take over. The material is designed to remember the second shape and default to it when it's heated.
"You can heat it up and deform the structure into a new, third shape and it will keep that shape until you heat it up again," Qi said. "Then it transforms back into the second shape."
Previous 4D-printing techniques were able to create materials that change their shape only temporarily, and then after a while, return to the original printed shape.
In the new study, the researchers used a material that changes shape when it is heated to about 122 degrees Fahrenheit (50 degrees Celsius), but Qi said that by engineering the characteristics of the stiff material, the researchers can choose the temperature at which the object transforms.Previous 4D-printing techniques were able to create materials that change their shape only temporarily, and then after a while, return to the original printed shape.
"It promises to enable myriad applications across biomedical devices, 3D electronics and consumer products," said Martin Dunn, a professor of mechanical engineering at Singapore University of Technology and Design, who worked with the Georgia team.
For example electronic components could be printed in the flat form and then once they are assembled into devices, they could "inflate" into their useful 3D shapes.
"It even opens the door to a new paradigm in product design, where components are designed from the onset to inhabit multiple configurations during service," Dunn said in a statement.
Qi thinks biomedical devices such as stents, which are tiny tubes that are used to widen clogged up arteries to prevent strokes, could be created using the technique. These 4D-printed stents would expand inside a blood vessel, automatically triggered just by exposure to the heat of the human body. Currently, surgeons have to inflate the stents with balloons attached to the end of the catheter through which the device is being inserted.
Qi said the new technique is more suitable for practical applications than approaches that rely on hydrogels. The objects described in the new study could transform completely in less than 10 seconds, compared to about 7 minutes required for a hydrogel-based material that was presented a few years ago by a team of researchers from MIT.
Hydrogel-based 4D printing relies on the combination of hydrogels and non-swelling polymer filaments. When immersed in water, the hydrogel swells, forcing the filaments into a new shape.
"In hydrogel-based materials, the shape-change is driven by the absorption of water," Qi said. "But that's a relatively slow process. It takes time, especially if you have large structures."
Engineers from China's Xi'an Jiaotong University also collaborated on the study, which was funded by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Singapore National Research Foundation.

Independent analysis details causes of Oroville Dam spillway failure

LOS ANGELES — Design flaws, construction shortcomings and maintenance errors caused the Oroville Dam spillway to break apart in February, according to an independent analysis by Robert Bea for the Center for Catastrophic Risk Analysis at the University of California, Berkeley.
Bea, a co-founder of the center and retired civil engineering professor, found that in the 1960s, when the Northern California dam was being planned, designers did not call for a thick enough concrete spillway floor. Nor did they require the continuous steel reinforcement needed to keep its slabs intact during decades of service.
The design also did not require strong enough anchors into the underlying mountainside to resist movements downhill and from side to side.
The analysis is the first major assessment of what caused the massive damage that forced the evacuation of nearby Oroville and left the state with a repair bill likely to reach into the hundreds of millions of dollars.
It also sends a warning that the state's aging fleet of dams may contain unknown defects that would threaten public safety in future wet years.
California Department of Water Resources spokeswoman Erin Mellon said the agency has not seen Bea's analysis.
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, which has oversight of the Oroville Dam, ordered the department to conduct an official investigation and last month a panel of six experts appointed by the DWR began work.
"We anticipate that their findings will be of interest to dam owners around the world," Mellon said. "Their investigation is open-ended, and they have a great deal of complex information to analyze. The forensics team is expected to give DWR a plan and schedule soon."
Bea, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, was a pioneer in engineering risk analysis during his days as a Shell Oil Co. vice president, overseeing offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. He later helped conduct independent investigations into the New Orleans levee system that failed during Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
Bea's Oroville analysis is based on original design drawings, which he obtained in the days after the spillway began to break apart, annual inspection reports and photos taken before and after the failure.
After the failure, state and federal regulators clamped tight restrictions on the information, citing national security concerns.
The spillway is a key part of the dam, allowing large discharges of water when the reservoir is nearly full. It began failing on Feb. 7 when dam operators opened gates that sent 55,000 cubic feet of water roaring out of the reservoir after days of continuous rain drenched the Feather River watershed.
The damage occurred at just a fraction of the spillway's designed capacity of 300,000 cubic feet per second.
A second, higher spillway provides for emergency releases, but until February, operators had never used it.
After runoff damaged the main spillway, they shut it down and sent water flowing over the emergency spillway, but a massive section of mountainside quickly began eroding upward toward a weir that holds back 30 vertical feet of water.
Authorities ordered more than 100,000 people below the dam to evacuate during the crisis. The event forced dam operators to again use the main spillway, which then suffered additional damage.
Bea's research found that the failure point occurred about a third of the way down the spillway, at an embedded clay drain pipe.
The slab is 15 inches thick in most places, but the pipe is 6 inches in diameter and the bell housing at the end of the pipe is 10.4 inches in diameter, meaning that over the pipe the slab was just 4 to 6 inches thick — not much better than a common sidewalk, Bea said.
"The spillway failed at its weakest point," he said.
The drains play an important function in protecting the spillway. Massive amounts of water move through the ground underneath the spillway, exerting tremendous uplifting force, known as hydraulic jacking.
An important factor in the failure was that the drain near the failure point was likely plugged by roots growing from nearby trees and shrubs, based on photos that show no water exiting the drain outlet along the spillway's vertical wall.
If the drain was plugged, then the spillway was being uplifted by a force of 1,000 pounds per square foot and pounded on the top by raging waters, Bea said.
The failure point also appears to be near a drain line that was repaired in 2013, meaning that the area could have been degrading for years. Bea said the repairs involved patching cracks and fissures with concrete, which provided little strength to resist the forces that it would bear.
"It would disintegrate like potato chips under these hydraulic forces," Bea said.
But even if the drains were working properly, they would not have prevented the failure, Bea said.
The spillway is constructed in approximately 40-foot sections along its width, but the sections are not tied together with a continuous string of reinforcing steel, according to original design drawings in the Bea report. Only a short steel dowel connects each section, not enough to keep the structure intact under very high forces that would occur when large amounts of water are flowing.
The Bea report shows that the spillway handled 129,000 cubic feet of water per second in the late 1990s, but since then it has been used for relatively minor discharges in most years. The lack of use likely concealed years of deterioration that was weakening the structure, he said.
The DWR website said the agency is assessing a repair and replacement plan to prepare the spillway for action by Nov. 1.
The agency has received bids from three contractors for repairs, ranging from $275 million to $344 million, well above the state's expectations.
Since the failure, state and federal officials have taken inspection reports and design documents offline and refused public information requests for their disclosure. Bea said that in his view institutions are attempting to protect themselves from criticism.
The technical problems in the spillway should call into question the adequacy of the dam itself and the adequacy of about 20 other California dams built in the same time period, he said.
"Good risk management would dictate that we should look at all the dams of that era," Bea said. "This is not an Oroville problem. It is a state problem and a national problem."